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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement01:24

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The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The rearrangement is a concerted pericyclic reaction proceeding via a chair-like transition state.
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Regioselective Formation of Enolates

2.8K
As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates:  less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted α-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are  more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.
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14.2K
In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.9K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Clusteromics V: Organic Enhanced Atmospheric Cluster Formation.

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Formic acid (FA) minimally impacts new particle formation in most sulfuric acid (SA) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) systems. However, FA enhances SA-dimethylamine (DMA) cluster formation by 21%.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Organic molecules, like formic acid (FA), are increasingly recognized for their role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF).
  • FA's high abundance and potential to stabilize molecular clusters make it a candidate for enhancing NPF.
  • Understanding the specific interactions of FA with common atmospheric acids and bases is crucial for accurate NPF modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of formic acid (FA) on the nucleation of clusters involving sulfuric acid (SA) or methanesulfonic acid (MSA) with various organic bases.
  • To quantify the stabilizing or destabilizing effects of FA on these key atmospheric clusters using advanced computational methods.
  • To identify specific cluster compositions where FA plays a significant role in enhancing new particle formation.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a funneling approach combining ABCluster, semiempirical PM7, and DFT (ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p)) calculations to determine stable cluster structures.
  • Calculated binding free energies using high-level quantum chemistry (DLPNO-CCSD(T₀)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p)) with the quasi-harmonic approximation.
  • Performed cluster dynamics simulations to assess the impact of FA on cluster stability and formation rates.

Main Results:

  • Formic acid (FA) demonstrated a negligible or minimal effect on the stability of methanesulfonic acid-FA-base and most sulfuric acid-FA-base systems.
  • The sulfuric acid-FA-dimethylamine (SA-FA-DMA) cluster system exhibited the most significant influence from FA.
  • FA addition enhanced the formation of the SA-FA-DMA cluster by 21% compared to clusters without FA.

Conclusions:

  • Formic acid plays a limited role in the nucleation of most SA and MSA-based clusters with common atmospheric bases.
  • The SA-FA-DMA system is an exception, where FA significantly enhances cluster formation, highlighting the importance of specific molecular interactions.
  • These findings refine our understanding of organic-enhanced nucleation and the factors governing new particle formation in the atmosphere.