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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

508
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
508
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

1.9K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

127
Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
127
Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

Frost Resistant Concrete

115
Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
Introducing microscopic air bubbles into the concrete mix through air entrainment creates small voids that accommodate ice expansion, thereby reducing internal pressures and preventing cracking. The optimal amount of...
115
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

6.7K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
6.7K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

702
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems
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Changes in freezing rain occurrence over eastern Canada using convection-permitting climate simulations.

Sébastien Marinier1, Julie M Thériault1, Kyoko Ikeda2

  • 1Centre ESCER, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada.

Climate Dynamics
|March 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Future freezing rain events will shift northward and increase in winter. High-resolution climate models reveal these changes are influenced by topography and wind channeling, impacting transportation and power grids.

Keywords:
Convection-permittingFreezing rainGlobal warmingWinter storms

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Meteorology
  • Climate Modeling

Background:

  • Freezing precipitation significantly impacts transportation, public health, and power infrastructure.
  • Previous coarse-resolution models projected a northward shift of freezing rain events.
  • Higher resolution climate models can improve the representation of localized freezing rain conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the climatology and characteristics of future freezing rain events.
  • To utilize very-high resolution climate simulations for enhanced accuracy.
  • To compare simulation results with observational data.

Main Methods:

  • Employed historical and pseudo-global warming simulations.
  • Utilized a 4-km horizontal grid length for high-resolution modeling.
  • Validated simulation outputs against available observational data.

Main Results:

  • Simulations indicate a northward shift in freezing rain occurrence, with increased winter events.
  • Freezing rain persists in the Saint-Lawrence River Valley due to wind channeling in warmer climates.
  • Event durations vary by region, with longer events in northern Maine under warmer conditions.
  • Localized increases in freezing rain north of Québec City are linked to warm rain processes.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution regional climate simulations are crucial for studying future freezing rain events.
  • Enhanced model resolution better captures topographic influences and local physical mechanisms.
  • Findings underscore the need for advanced modeling to predict impacts on critical infrastructure.