Load transfer characteristics of the wrist. Part I. The normal joint

A static positioning frame allows the positioning of unembalmed human upper extremities in any combination of wrist flexion/extension, radio/ulnar deviation, and pronation/supination. Pressure-sensitive film (Fuji) was used to study the contact areas, scaphoid-lunate area ratios, average high pressures, centroid positions, and intercentroid distances of five wrist joints under a uniform load of 103 Newtons (N) in 36 different positions. The contact areas accounted for only 20.6% of the available joint surface. They shift from a primarily palmar location to a primarily dorsal location when the wrist changes from flexion to extension. Overall the scaphoid contact area was 1.47 times that of the lunate and was generally greatest with the wrist in ulnar deviation. The scapho-lunate contact area ratio increased as wrist position changed from radial to ulnar deviation and/or from flexion to extension. For the constant load of 103 Newtons the high pressure averaged 3.17 megapascals (MPa). The scaphoid and lunate high pressure centroids shifted palmar when wrist position changed from 20 degrees of flexion to 20 degrees of extension and then shifted dorsal with further extension of the wrist. The intercentroid distance averaged 14.91 mm and ranged from 10 to 20 mm.