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Related Concept Videos

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
A drug's pKa and the pH of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play crucial roles...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Modeling PFAS Fate and Transport in Groundwater, with and Without Precursor Transformation.

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Modeling Dissolution of Soluble Compounds from Multicomponent NAPL Using a Desorption Approximation.

Michael J Gefell, Deviyani Gurung1

  • 1Anchor QEA, LLC, San Francisco, CA, USA.

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|March 20, 2023
PubMed
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This study introduces a new method to estimate groundwater cleanup times from nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). The equilibrium partitioning approximation accurately models NAPL dissolution, aiding in site assessment and remediation planning.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are persistent groundwater contaminants.
  • Estimating cleanup times for NAPLs is crucial for remediation professionals.
  • Simulating multicomponent NAPL dissolution is complex and lacks widely available numerical models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an equilibrium partitioning approximation for simulating multicomponent NAPL dissolution.
  • To develop a method for estimating effective distribution coefficients for NAPL depletion.
  • To support the method with numerical modeling and empirical data verification.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an equilibrium partitioning approximation for multicomponent NAPL dissolution.
  • Estimated effective distribution coefficients based on NAPL and porous medium properties.
  • Performed numerical modeling and verified results with laboratory sand tank experiments using coal tar.

Main Results:

  • The numerical model accurately matched observed concentrations of the most soluble NAPL components.
  • The equilibrium partitioning approximation proved effective for simulating NAPL dissolution.
  • The method demonstrated utility in predicting contaminant behavior within and downgradient of NAPL zones.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method is valuable for screening-level assessments of groundwater remediation.
  • It can be adapted to compare restoration timeframes for different NAPL components and remediation strategies.
  • This approach enhances the ability to predict and manage NAPL-contaminated groundwater sites.