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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

17.8K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.0K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.0K
Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

153.6K
Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

12.5K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Tailoring Phosphonium Ionic Liquids for a Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition.

Beibei Yao1, Marian Paluch1, Mateusz Dulski2

  • 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|March 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Cation self-assembly in phosphonium ionic liquids with long alkyl chains enables two distinct supercooled liquid states. This finding is key to understanding liquid-liquid transitions and designing advanced electrolytes.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • The existence of multiple liquid states in single-component systems is a complex physical phenomenon.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising materials for various applications, but their complex phase behavior requires further investigation.
  • Understanding liquid-liquid transitions (LLT) and liquid-glass transitions (LGT) is crucial for designing novel materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of cation self-assembly on ion dynamics near LLT and LGT.
  • To explore the role of alkyl chain length in tetraalkyl phosphonium ([P]+) ionic liquids.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind multiple supercooled states in ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of tetraalkyl phosphonium ionic liquids with varying alkyl chain lengths (m=4, 6; n=2-14).
  • Raman spectroscopy to confirm nano-ordering and structural changes.
  • Calorimetric measurements to identify phase transitions (LLT and LGT).

Main Results:

  • Nonpolar domains formed by 14-carbon alkyl chains are essential for observing two supercooled states with distinct dynamics.
  • Nano-ordering occurs for shorter alkyl chains (m=6, n<14) but lacks calorimetric evidence of LLT.
  • Peculiar ion dynamics and significantly smaller dynamic heterogeneity (20x smaller than imidazolium ILs) near LGT were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Cation self-assembly, particularly the formation of nonpolar domains by long alkyl chains, dictates the emergence of multiple liquid states.
  • The study provides critical insights into the nature of LLT and its relationship with ion dynamics and dynamic heterogeneity.
  • Findings pave the way for designing efficient electrolytes based on self-assembling ionic liquids.