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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Harvest of Vestibular End-Organs under Physiologic Conditions during Labyrinthectomy
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Harvest of Vestibular End-Organs under Physiologic Conditions during Labyrinthectomy

Published on: November 29, 2024

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Cochlear Ossification After Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery: A Temporal Bone Study.

Kyohei Itamura1, Alexander Geerardyn2,3, Archana Podury2

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|March 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cochlear ossification (CO) occurred in all temporal bones after translabyrinthine (TL) vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery. Non-labyrinth-violating approaches like middle cranial fossa (MF) or retrosigmoid (RS) showed no CO, except in cases of intraoperative vestibular violation.

Keywords:
cochlear ossificationhistopathologytemporal bonevestibular schwannoma

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery requires careful consideration of surgical approach.
  • Cochlear ossification (CO) can complicate future cochlear implantation.
  • Different surgical approaches for VS may have varying impacts on the cochlea.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate patterns of cochlear ossification (CO) following vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery.
  • To compare CO incidence across translabyrinthine (TL), middle cranial fossa (MF), and retrosigmoid (RS) surgical approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Histopathological analysis of cadaveric temporal bones from a multi-institutional repository.
  • Inclusion of temporal bones from patients with a history of VS who underwent microsurgery.
  • Histological examination for CO in basal, middle, and apical cochlear turns.

Main Results:

  • All 6 temporal bones with a history of TL surgery exhibited CO.
  • 5 out of 6 temporal bones from MF or RS surgeries showed no CO.
  • One case with RS surgery and intraoperative vestibular violation demonstrated partial CO.

Conclusions:

  • Translabyrinthine (TL) surgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS) is associated with cochlear ossification (CO).
  • Middle cranial fossa (MF) and retrosigmoid (RS) approaches generally do not lead to CO unless vestibular violation occurs.
  • Surgeons should consider labyrinth-sparing approaches for VS when future cochlear implantation is possible.