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Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Physiological Functions of Vitamin A Transporters Using HPLC-Based Vitamin A Profiling
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Author Spotlight: Investigating Physiological Functions of Vitamin A Transporters Using HPLC-Based Vitamin A Profiling

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[Devil with angel wings - when vitamin A saves lives].

Tobias Matthieu Benoit1, Stefan Gundermann1

  • 1Klinik für Medizinische Onkologie und Hämatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz.

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|March 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A 40-year-old male with bleeding symptoms was diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Prompt treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and other agents led to complete remission.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia.
  • APL is often associated with severe coagulation disorders, including disseminated intravascular consumption coagulopathy (DIC).

Observation:

  • A 40-year-old male presented with hemorrhagic diathesis, ecchymosis, and oral bleeding.
  • Diagnostic workup revealed disseminated intravascular consumption coagulopathy and 74% atypical promyelocytes on peripheral blood smear.

Findings:

  • Bone marrow examination confirmed a microgranular variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
  • The patient received a combination therapy including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), arsenic trioxide (ATO), and idarubicin.
  • The patient achieved complete remission without severe complications.

Implications:

  • Early diagnosis and rapid initiation of therapy, including ATRA and coagulation management, are critical for improving prognosis in APL.
  • This case highlights the successful management of a potentially fatal hematologic malignancy with prompt and aggressive treatment.
  • The microgranular variant of APL requires specific therapeutic approaches for optimal outcomes.