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Developmental aspects of memory for spatial location.

N R Ellis1, E Katz, J E Williams

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487-2968.

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|December 1, 1987
PubMed
Summary
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Location encoding in memory appears to be an automatic process, showing no significant changes with age or intelligence. This supports the automaticity hypothesis for spatial memory development.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Automatic memory processes are characterized by a lack of developmental changes beyond early childhood, independence from intelligence, and insensitivity to instructions.
  • The automaticity hypothesis, proposed by Hasher and Zacks, suggests certain memory encoding processes require no effort and occur without intention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if the encoding of location in memory meets the criteria of an automatic process.
  • To investigate developmental changes and the influence of intelligence and instructions on spatial memory.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted comparing different age groups (preschool to elderly) and cognitive abilities (mentally retarded individuals) on picture-book tasks.
  • Participants were given incidental, intentional, or semantic incidental instructions to recall object names and/or locations.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Memory for object location was assessed by having participants relocate pictures on blank pages.

    • Main Results:

    • Memory for location remained consistent across various age groups and intelligence levels, supporting the automaticity hypothesis.
    • Younger children (3-4 years old) showed improved location recall with intentional instructions, but this was an exception.
    • Intentional and incidental encoding instructions yielded similar results for location memory, with semantic instructions showing a slight advantage.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings support the notion that encoding of location is an automatic memory process, as defined by Hasher and Zacks.
    • Spatial memory encoding appears to be largely independent of age and intelligence after early childhood.
    • The study reinforces the robustness of automatic memory processes in the face of varying cognitive demands and developmental stages.