Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated With Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma in a Young Woman

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a syndrome of excessive immunological activation that can be triggered by various diseases, including haematological cancers. We report a case of a 25-year-old woman presenting with constitutional symptoms and a painful thoracic mass of four months duration. Laboratory exams showed pancytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia and extremely high serum ferritin levels. A whole-body computed tomography (CT) scan revealed splenomegaly and highlighted the mass on the deep tissues of the left breast; the biopsy was compatible with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Additionally, a bone marrow biopsy revealed haemophagocytosis, fulfilling the criteria for associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The patient was quickly sent for chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation. She achieved a complete metabolic response and has been in clinical remission after nearly four years of follow-up. We emphasise the benefit of a timely diagnosis and intervention which were the keys to success in this case.