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Updated: Aug 6, 2025
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Published on: October 13, 2023
How Natural Language Processing Can Aid With Pulmonary Oncology Tumor Node Metastasis Staging From Free-Text
Sander Puts1,2, Martijn Nobel3,4, Catharina Zegers1,2
1GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
Background:
Natural language processing (NLP) is thought to be a promising solution to extract and store concepts from free text in a structured manner for data mining purposes. This is also true for radiology reports, which still consist mostly of free text. Accurate and complete reports are very important for clinical decision support, for instance, in oncological staging. As such, NLP can be a tool to structure the content of the radiology report, thereby increasing the report's value.
Objective:
This study describes the implementation and validation of an N-stage classifier for pulmonary oncology. It is based on free-text radiological chest computed tomography reports according to the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification, which has been added to the already existing T-stage classifier to create a combined TN-stage classifier.
Methods:
SpaCy, PyContextNLP, and regular expressions were used for proper information extraction, after additional rules were set to accurately extract N-stage.
Results:
The overall TN-stage classifier accuracy scores were 0.84 and 0.85, respectively, for the training (N=95) and validation (N=97) sets. This is comparable to the outcomes of the T-stage classifier (0.87-0.92).
Conclusions:
This study shows that NLP has potential in classifying pulmonary oncology from free-text radiological reports according to the TNM classification system as both the T- and N-stages can be extracted with high accuracy.
