New therapies and new pathologies: end-stage--dialysis kidneys

End-stage kidneys in patients who are receiving long-term intermittent treatment with hemodialysis are metabolic structures that participate in many body processes and that themselves develop and change despite severe excretory deficiencies. Nephron loss is severe. Other lesions in such kidneys include the following: smooth muscle nodules that arise in necrotic arteries and arterioles; embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium; remodeling of the arteries and veins; tubular atrophy; dilation and cyst formation (acquired cystic disease); arteriolar granular cell hyperplasia and hypertension; deposits of oxalate, calcium, and immune complexes; interstitial fibrosis with collagen and smooth muscle; mucoid change; and cellular infiltration. This list does not include all pathologic conditions found in the end-stage--dialysis kidney. The necessity of and the criteria for an experimental model of human long-term intermittent hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease, presently lacking, are indicated.