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Related Concept Videos

Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

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Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
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Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Concentration02:27

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A system at equilibrium is in a state of dynamic balance, with forward and reverse reactions taking place at equal rates. If an equilibrium system is subjected to a change in conditions that affects these reaction rates differently (a stress), then the rates are no longer equal and the system is not at equilibrium. The system will subsequently experience a net reaction in the direction of a greater rate (a shift) that will re-establish the equilibrium. This phenomenon is summarized by Le...
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The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. Since free energy is a state function, its value depends only on the conditions of the initial and final states of the system. A convenient and common approach to the calculation of free energy changes for physical and chemical reactions is by use of widely available compilations of standard state thermodynamic data. One method involves the...
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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Does variation in composition affect dynamics when approaching the eutectic composition?

Srijan Chatterjee1, Tubai Chowdhury1, Sayan Bagchi1

  • 1Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
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This summary is machine-generated.

Deep eutectic solvents exhibit distinct solute and solvent dynamics, even with similar structures. These differences stem from variations in intercomponent hydrogen bond fluctuations across different compositions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents are mixtures with melting points below individual components.
  • Understanding their microscopic behavior is crucial for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the microscopic structure and dynamics of a choline chloride: ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent.
  • Compare spectral diffusion and orientational relaxation dynamics across varying compositions.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy
  • Molecular dynamics simulations
  • Analysis of systems at and around eutectic composition.

Main Results:

  • Time-averaged solvent structures are comparable across compositions.
  • Solvent fluctuations and solute reorientation dynamics show distinct differences.
  • Changes in dynamics correlate with intercomponent hydrogen bond fluctuations.

Conclusions:

  • Microscopic dynamics of deep eutectic solvents are sensitive to composition.
  • Intercomponent hydrogen bond dynamics play a key role in governing solute-solvent interactions.