Solar energy policies in southeast Asia towards low carbon emission: A review

Globally, countries are developing policies and encouraging the implementation of sustainable energy resources to reduce the harmful effects of fossil fuels on the environment and energy-related CO₂ emissions. In 2019, global energy-related CO₂ emissions increased by 1.8% to a new high of 33.3 Gt CO₂, owing to the increasing energy consumption. The CO₂ emissions are significantly increasing due to continuing increase of Southeast Asian countries. Energy utilization contributes to CO₂ emissions on earth because the energy sector produces 32,553.48 MtCO₂ of CO_2, or about 73% of total CO₂ emissions (WRI, 2019). The power sector alone accounted for approximately two-thirds of the emissions rise, indirectly warming the climate system, earth's temperature, and sea level. As a result, several governments have enacted policies to increase solar energy's share of the energy mix to minimize dependence on fossil fuels and environmental devastation. Therefore, this review paper presents a survey of solar energy policies implemented in Southeast Asian countries, specifically Malaysia, and assesses effective existing solar energy strategies in developed countries. Moreover, the implementation of Net Energy Metering needed for the advancing and widespread use of renewable energy technologies is also reviewed. Malaysia's existing solar energy policies have also been assessed and compared to the selected high-income nations. Lastly, limitations and key challenges of implementing large-scale applications of net energy metering policies are also presented.