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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

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Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
7.1K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.6K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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The Equilibrium Constant03:11

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Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
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Aqueous Solid Formation Kinetics in High-Pressure Methane at Trace Water Concentrations.

Catherine C Sampson1,2, Peter J Metaxas1, Mark T J Barwood1,2

  • 1Fluid Science & Resources, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley 6009, Australia.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
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Summary

Aqueous solid formation in liquefied natural gas (LNG) was studied. Micron-scale solids formed rapidly at low temperatures, but growth was slow, potentially preventing blockages in LNG facilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics and kinetics of aqueous solid formation in natural gas processing.
  • Phase behavior of water in methane at cryogenic conditions.

Background:

  • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) production involves cooling natural gas to cryogenic temperatures, where water can form stable solid phases.
  • Limited experimental data exists on the kinetics of aqueous solid formation under these conditions, posing challenges for process safety and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally measure the kinetics and equilibrium of aqueous solid formation in trace water-methane mixtures.
  • To investigate the nucleation and growth of micron-scale aqueous solids relevant to LNG processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a stirred, high-pressure apparatus with visual microscopy to observe solid formation.
  • Conducted experiments along isochoric pathways with controlled cooling rates (approx. 1 K·min⁻¹).
  • Applied Classical Nucleation Theory to analyze formation events and extract kinetic parameters.

Main Results:

  • Observed micron-scale aqueous solid formation at subcoolings of 0.3-8.6 K at 8.9 MPa.
  • Measured equilibrium melting temperature of (253 ± 1.9) K, consistent with methane hydrate predictions.
  • Nucleation parameters were comparable to bulk water systems, but solid growth kinetics were significantly slower.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first kinetic data for aqueous solid formation in methane-water systems at LNG conditions.
  • Slow observed growth kinetics of aqueous solids may explain the absence of blockages in cryogenic heat exchangers despite high subcoolings.
  • Findings contribute to understanding and mitigating operational risks in liquefied natural gas facilities.