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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia,...
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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Erythrocyte-based Drug Delivery: How Far from Clinical Application?

Yuan Jiang1, Yi Yuan2, Feng Peng1

  • 1Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.

Current Drug Delivery
|March 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) show promise as drug carriers due to their safety and longevity. However, clinical use of erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems remains limited, facing several challenges.

Keywords:
Erythrocytescell membrane biomimeticdrug deliveryerythrocyte membraneimmunogenicitynanomedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are crucial for oxygen transport.
  • Their inherent properties, including long circulation time, high biosafety, and low immunogenicity, make them attractive for drug delivery.
  • Erythrocyte-based drug delivery is a burgeoning research area with significant therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of erythrocytes as drug delivery vehicles.
  • To explore various drug-loading methodologies for erythrocytes.
  • To summarize the research progress and discuss the clinical application challenges of erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on erythrocyte drug delivery.
  • Analysis of erythrocyte properties relevant to drug encapsulation and release.
  • Synthesis of information on different drug-loading techniques.
  • Evaluation of current research trends and clinical translation hurdles.

Main Results:

  • Erythrocytes offer a biocompatible and biodegradable platform for drug delivery.
  • Multiple techniques exist for loading drugs into erythrocytes, including encapsulation and surface modification.
  • Despite promising preclinical data, clinical translation of these systems is not widespread.

Conclusions:

  • Erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems possess unique advantages for targeted and sustained drug release.
  • Further research is needed to overcome existing challenges hindering clinical adoption.
  • Addressing formulation stability, scalability, and regulatory pathways is crucial for successful clinical application.