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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...
NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is broad and...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Continuous ammonia electrosynthesis using physically interlocked bipolar membrane at 1000 mA cm-2.

Ziang Xu1, Lei Wan1, Yiwen Liao1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Nature Communications
|March 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel bipolar membrane reactor for efficient ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate. The design enables stable, high-yield ammonia production with improved ionic balance and membrane stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate offers mild conditions and clean energy benefits.
  • Existing methods suffer from low yield and short duration due to unstable ion exchange membranes at high current densities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a stable and efficient bipolar membrane reactor for continuous ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate.
  • To overcome limitations of existing electrochemical strategies by enhancing ionic transfer and interfacial stability.

Main Methods:

  • A bipolar membrane with a 3D physically interlocked interface was constructed to improve water dissociation and ionic transfer.
  • A Co 3D nanoarray cathode was integrated for high current and low concentration utilization.
  • The system was tested for continuous electrolysis under demanding conditions.

Main Results:

  • The bipolar membrane design reduced transmembrane voltage to 1.13 V at 1000 mA cm⁻².
  • The reactor achieved stable electrolysis at 1000 mA cm⁻² for over 100 hours.
  • High Faradaic efficiency (86.2%) and yield rate (68.4 mg h⁻¹ cm⁻²) were obtained with a 2000 ppm nitrate electrolyte.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed bipolar membrane nitrate reduction process significantly enhances ionic transfer and interfacial stability.
  • This advanced reactor design demonstrates a promising pathway for continuous, high-yield ammonia electrosynthesis.
  • The findings hold potential for advancing artificial nitrogen cycling applications.