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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Induced Electric Dipoles

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
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Spin-Electric Coupling in Lead Halide Perovskites.

Artem G Volosniev1, Abhishek Shiva Kumar1, Dusan Lorenc1

  • 1Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|March 24, 2023
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Summary

We found that a novel spin-electric coupling is essential for understanding how electromagnetic fields interact with lead halide perovskites, accurately describing their optoelectronic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Lead halide perovskites exhibit exceptional optoelectronic properties.
  • Understanding electromagnetic field interactions is crucial for explaining these properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction of electromagnetic fields with lead halide perovskites.
  • To explain the origin of their optoelectronic properties by studying Faraday rotation and complex refractive index.

Main Methods:

  • Studied Faraday rotation and complex refractive index in CH3NH3PbBr3.
  • Utilized k·p Hamiltonian and introduced a spin-electric coupling model.
  • Applied symmetry-based phenomenological arguments.

Main Results:

  • Minimal coupling to k·p Hamiltonian was insufficient.
  • A spin-electric coupling was identified as crucial.
  • This coupling quantitatively describes experimental data, including Faraday effect dominated by Zeeman splitting.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed spin-electric coupling model accurately describes lead halide perovskite optoelectronics.
  • Faraday effect is significantly influenced by Zeeman splitting and beyond-Becquerel contributions.
  • The effective model incorporates all linear-order electromagnetic field coupling terms.