Built environment as a risk factor for adult overweight and obesity: Evidence from a longitudinal geospatial analysis...

Indonesia has nearly doubled its urban population in the past three decades. In this period, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Indonesia has also nearly doubled. We examined 1993-2014 panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to determine the extent to which the increase in one's built environment contributed to a corresponding increase in adult overweight and obesity during this period. We estimated longitudinal regression models for body mass index (BMI) and being overweight or obese using novel matched geospatial measures of built-up land area. Living in a more built-up area was associated with greater BMI and risk of being overweight or obese. The contribution of the built environment was estimated to be small but statistically significant even after accounting for individuals' initial BMI. We discuss the findings considering the evidence on nutritional and technological transitions affecting food consumption patterns and physical activity levels in urban and rural areas.