Mapping climate change's impact on cholera infection risk in Bangladesh

Several studies have investigated how Vibrio cholerae infection risk changes with increased rainfall, temperature, and water pH levels for coastal Bangladesh, which experiences seasonal surges in cholera infections associated with heavy rainfall events. While coastal environmental conditions are understood to influence V. cholerae propagation within brackish waters and transmission to and within human populations, it remains unknown how changing climate regimes impact the risk for cholera infection throughout Bangladesh. To address this, we developed a random forest species distribution model to predict the occurrence probability of cholera incidence within Bangladesh for 2015 and 2050. We developed a random forest model trained on cholera incidence data and spatial environmental raster data to be predicted to environmental data for the year of training (2015) and 2050. From our model's predictions, we generated risk maps for cholera occurrence for 2015 and 2050. Our best-fitting model predicted cholera occurrence given elevation and distance to water. Generally, we find that regions within every district in Bangladesh experience an increase in infection risk from 2015 to 2050. We also find that although cells of high risk cluster along the coastline predominantly in 2015, by 2050 high-risk areas expand from the coast inland, conglomerating around surface waters across Bangladesh, reaching all but the northwestern-most district. Mapping the geographic distribution of cholera infections given projected environmental conditions provides a valuable tool for guiding proactive public health policy tailored to areas most at risk of future disease outbreaks.