Silicon nanoparticles: Synthesis, uptake and their role in mitigation of biotic stress

In the current scenario of global warming and climate change, plants face many biotic stresses, which restrain growth, development and productivity. Nanotechnology is gaining precedence over other means to deal with biotic and abiotic constraints for sustainable agriculture. One of nature's most beneficial metalloids, silicon (Si) shows ameliorative effect against environmental challenges. Silicon/Silica nanoparticles (Si/SiO₂NPs) have gained special attention due to their significant chemical and optoelectronic capabilities. Its mesoporous nature, easy availability and least biological toxicity has made it very attractive to researchers. Si/SiO₂NPs can be synthesised by chemical, physical and biological methods and supplied to plants by foliar, soil, or seed priming. Upon uptake and translocation, Si/SiO₂NPs reach their destined cells and cause optimum growth, development and tolerance against environmental stresses as well as pest attack and pathogen infection. Using Si/SiO₂NPs as a supplement can be an eco-friendly and cost-effective option for sustainable agriculture as they facilitate the delivery of nutrients, assist plants to mitigate biotic stress and enhances plant resistance. This review aims to present an overview of the methods of formulation of Si/SiO₂NPs, their application, uptake, translocation and emphasize the role of Si/SiO₂NPs in boosting growth and development of plants as well as their conventional advantage as fertilizers with special consideration on their mitigating effects towards biotic stress.