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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Residual unabsorbed midazolam: a case report.

Hemanth A Baboolal1, A Gulati2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina Hospital, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA. Hemanth_Baboolal@med.unc.edu.

Journal of Medical Case Reports
|March 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral midazolam, used for pediatric anxiety, may remain unabsorbed in the stomach before procedures. This residual medication can lead to prolonged sedative effects during and after surgery.

Keywords:
Benzodiazepines: respiratory effectsGastric volume: PO liquid effectMidazolam: pediatrics oral dosagePremedication: side effects

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Oral midazolam is a common premedication for pediatric anxiety before medical procedures.
  • The extent of gastric residual volume of oral midazolam before anesthesia induction is not well-defined.
  • Residual midazolam has potential clinical implications in the postoperative period.

Observation:

  • A case study involved a 5-year-old child undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy after oral midazolam administration.
  • Endoscopic examination revealed a substantial volume of unabsorbed midazolam liquid in the stomach.

Findings:

  • Significant amounts of oral midazolam can remain unabsorbed in the pediatric stomach.
  • Sedation may be present prior to complete drug absorption.
  • Absorption can continue intraoperatively and postoperatively.

Implications:

  • Clinicians must recognize the potential for ongoing midazolam absorption.
  • Unwanted clinical effects may arise from delayed or prolonged drug action.
  • Awareness is crucial for managing pediatric patients receiving oral midazolam.