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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Brachial Plexus Birth Injury: A Single-Center Study.

Elena Caron1,2,3, Andrew J Gienapp1,4, Helen Files1,5

  • 1Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Clinical Pediatrics
|March 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) in infants can cause lasting weakness. While some infants recover spontaneously, surgical outcomes for shoulder movement were limited in this small study.

Keywords:
Erb’s palsybirth injuriesbrachial plexus neuropathiesinfant

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neurology
  • Neonatal care
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) is a common neonatal complication.
  • Traction injuries to brachial plexus nerves during birth can lead to upper extremity weakness.
  • Spontaneous recovery is possible, but persistent deficits necessitate further evaluation and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the experience of a brachial plexus clinic with infants diagnosed with BPBI.
  • To evaluate the Narakas Classification (NC) and Active Movement Scale (AMS) in this cohort.
  • To identify clinic barriers affecting patient follow-up and data collection.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of infants with BPBI from September 2017 to September 2019.
  • Assessment of Narakas Classification (NC) and Active Movement Scale (AMS) at follow-up intervals.
  • Analysis of outcomes for both conservatively managed and surgically treated patients.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen infants were included: 8 with NC-I, 5 with NC-II, and 2 with NC-III.
  • By 7 months, 3 infants showed spontaneous recovery, while 8 achieved high AMS scores (5-7).
  • Eleven surgically treated patients demonstrated minimal improvement in shoulder abduction and external rotation by 6 months.

Conclusions:

  • This small sample suggests limited functional improvement in shoulder abduction and external rotation following surgery for BPBI.
  • Clinic-specific challenges in follow-up, data collection, and interdisciplinary collaboration were identified.
  • Further research with larger cohorts is needed to confirm these findings and optimize BPBI management.