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Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
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What is really 'Long COVID'?

Sandor Szabo1, Oksana Zayachkivska2, Alamdar Hussain2

  • 1School of Medicine, American University of Health Sciences, 1600 East Hill St., Signal Hill/Long Beach, CA, 90755, USA. sszabo@auhs.edu.

Inflammopharmacology
|March 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Long COVID is a complex syndrome with persistent symptoms like fatigue and brain fog, unlike previous viral respiratory illnesses. Further research into its pathogenesis and high prevalence is crucial for understanding and managing this condition.

Keywords:
COVID-19Clinical manifestationsDefinitionsLong COVIDPathogenesis

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Previous acute respiratory viral diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS) were typically short-lived.
  • COVID-19 presents unique long-term complications, termed 'long COVID' or post-COVID conditions.
  • Long COVID involves persistent symptoms beyond the acute infection phase, affecting multiple organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and describe the characteristics of long COVID syndrome.
  • To explore the potential pathogenesis of long COVID.
  • To highlight the prevalence and need for further investigation of long COVID.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical observations and existing literature on COVID-19 sequelae.
  • Analysis of reported symptoms and definitions of long COVID.
  • Discussion of proposed pathophysiological mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Long COVID is characterized by a complex array of symptoms including fatigue, 'brain fog', muscle pain, and organ-specific issues.
  • Pathogenesis may involve persistent vascular endothelial injury, microthrombi formation, and prolonged cytokine storms.
  • Prevalence estimates vary, with significant percentages of COVID-19 survivors experiencing long-term symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Long COVID is a multi-system syndrome requiring further clinical and basic research.
  • Understanding the underlying mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments.
  • The high prevalence underscores the public health significance of long COVID.