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Related Concept Videos

Size-Exclusion Chromatography01:08

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In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
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The chromatography technique was first invented in 1901 by Michael S. Tswett, a Russian botanist, to separate plant pigments using organic solvents. Further, in 1941, Archer John Porter Martin and R. L. M. Synge modified the technique by packing silica gel into a column. A mixture of amino acids was then separated on the packed column using chloroform and water mixture as the mobile phase. This was the first report on column chromatography. At present, column chromatography is a widely used...
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In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
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Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis.

Leon E Niezen1, Jordy D Kruijswijk2, Gerben B van Henten1

  • 1Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|March 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) offers a solution for polymer analysis challenges. This study compares gSEC with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), finding RPLC faster for chemical-composition distribution but gSEC advantageous in 2D-LC to prevent sample breakthrough.

Keywords:
BreakthroughChemical compositionGradient-elution liquid chromatographyPolymer analysisSEC-GradientsSize-exclusion chromatography

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chromatography

Background:

  • Polymer properties depend on molecular distributions like chemical-composition distribution (CCD).
  • Conventional gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) faces challenges with polymer solubility, leading to peak broadening and breakthrough.
  • Gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC), developed in 2011, addresses these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential of gSEC for CCD analysis.
  • To compare gSEC with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC (RPLC).
  • To investigate the impact of mobile phase, stationary phase pore size, and temperature on separation.

Main Methods:

  • One-dimensional RPLC and gSEC were used to separate styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers.
  • Comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC, including SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC, was applied to styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers.
  • Investigated influence of mobile-phase composition, stationary-phase pore size, and column temperature.

Main Results:

  • RPLC provided a more accurate CCD in a shorter analysis time for one-dimensional separations.
  • In 2D-LC, gSEC proved advantageous by preventing sample breakthrough.
  • The study explored various chromatographic conditions affecting polymer separation.

Conclusions:

  • gSEC is a valuable technique for polymer CCD analysis, particularly in 2D-LC applications.
  • RPLC offers faster CCD analysis in one dimension.
  • Optimization of chromatographic parameters is crucial for effective polymer characterization.