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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
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Look at me now! Enfacement illusion over computer-generated faces.

Stefania La Rocca1,2, Silvia Gobbo1,2, Giorgia Tosi2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.

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|March 27, 2023
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Summary

The enfacement illusion can be induced using computer-generated faces, with visuotactile and visuomotor stimulation proving more effective than simple exposure. This research explores bodily self-perception shifts using virtual reality stimuli.

Keywords:
computer-generated facesembodimentenfacementface processingvisual perception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Virtual Reality

Background:

  • Embodied cognition research indicates bodily self-perception is malleable.
  • The enfacement illusion demonstrates how multisensory stimulation can alter self-perception towards an external body.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate enfacement illusion induction using computer-generated faces.
  • To determine the most effective multisensory stimulation condition for inducing the illusion.

Main Methods:

  • Participants experienced synchronous and asynchronous visuotactile, visuomotor, and simple exposure stimulations with a virtual avatar.
  • Questionnaires assessed embodiment and enfacement sensations post-stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Synchronous stimulation produced a stronger enfacement illusion effect than asynchronous stimulation.
  • Visuotactile and visuomotor stimulation conditions were more effective than simple exposure.
  • The illusion's effect was more pronounced on embodiment aspects.

Conclusions:

  • The enfacement illusion can be effectively induced with virtual reality stimuli.
  • Visuotactile and visuomotor stimulations play a significant role in virtual enfacement.
  • This paradigm offers new avenues for studying face identity ownership and multisensory integration.