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Group Polarization

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.

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The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Information, partisanship, and preferences in a pandemic.

Jonathan T Rothwell^1,2,3, Christos Andreas Makridis^4,5, Christina Michelle Ramirez⁶

¹Gallup, Washington, DC, United States.

Frontiers in Public Health

|March 27, 2023

Summary

Information exposure significantly impacts COVID-19 pandemic attitudes and behaviors. Equalizing information sources could reduce partisan divides in beliefs and policy preferences.

Keywords:

COVID-19 behavioral economics beliefs expectations information treatment media political polarization

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Behavioral Science
Political Science

Background:

Understanding the influence of information exposure on public attitudes during health crises is crucial.
Political affiliation and media consumption patterns may mediate individual responses to pandemic-related information.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how information exposure shapes attitudes and behaviors concerning the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic.
To determine if political affiliation and news diet mediate these effects.

Main Methods:

Randomly assigned 5,009 U.S. adults to nine text-based segments about the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020.
Estimated effects on 15 binary outcomes including policy preferences, consumer behavior, and safety beliefs.

Main Results:

Average effects were significant in 47 out of 120 models, with a mean effect of 7.4 ppt.
Information exposure had large effects on all outcomes except beliefs.
Interaction effects by political party and media diet were significant for beliefs, but not policy or behavioral attitudes.

Conclusions:

Partisan gaps in policy and behavior related to COVID-19 are partly driven by differential information exposure.
Equalizing information sources may promote convergence in public beliefs about pandemic-related issues.