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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Liverworts show a globally consistent mid-elevation richness peak.

Karola Maul1, Yu-Mei Wei2, Eka Aditya Putri Iskandar3,4,5

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Liverwort species richness often shows a hump-shaped pattern, peaking at mid-elevations globally. This pattern, influenced by relative elevation and climate, highlights vulnerability to global warming.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Botany
  • Biodiversity research

Background:

  • Elevational gradients are key to understanding species richness patterns.
  • Previous studies on liverwort diversity were limited in scope.
  • A comprehensive global analysis of liverwort elevational patterns was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile an extensive dataset of liverwort elevational patterns worldwide.
  • To identify factors driving liverwort species richness distribution along elevational gradients.
  • To investigate the impact of climate change on montane liverwort diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled global dataset of liverwort elevational patterns.
  • Utilized polynomial regression analyses to identify richness patterns.
  • Analyzed climatic variables (temperature, evapotranspiration, precipitation) and relative elevation.

Main Results:

  • A hump-shaped richness pattern was prevalent (19 of 25 gradients), with peaks at mid-elevations.
  • Relative elevation was the strongest predictor of liverwort species richness.
  • Climate variables, including temperature and precipitation, significantly influenced richness patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Mid-elevation floristic turnover, driven by flora admixture and ecological gradients, shapes liverwort diversity patterns.
  • High temperatures and low water availability limit montane liverwort diversity, particularly at lower elevations.
  • Global warming-induced temperature shifts pose a significant threat to montane liverwort diversity.