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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

Recent advances in geriatric anaesthesia.

Anuradha Mahender¹, Surekha S Chavan², Richa Saroa³

¹Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Indian Journal of Anaesthesia

|March 27, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing surgical care for older adults involves assessing their functional status and managing risks like cognitive impairment and frailty. Comprehensive preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative strategies ensure better well-being in elderly patients.

Keywords:

Aged frailty geriatric assessment perioperative care

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Use of a Piglet Model for the Study of Anesthetic-induced Developmental Neurotoxicity AIDN: A Translational Neuroscience Approach

Use of a Piglet Model for the Study of Anesthetic-induced Developmental Neurotoxicity AIDN: A Translational Neuroscience Approach

Published on: June 11, 2017

Area of Science:

Geriatric Medicine
Surgical Care
Public Health

Background:

Healthy aging, defined by the World Health Organization, emphasizes maintaining functional ability for well-being in older age.
Functional ability in elderly individuals is influenced by physical, mental, environmental, and socio-economic factors.
Surgical preparation for the elderly requires addressing unique health considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline essential considerations for optimizing the perioperative care of elderly patients.
To highlight key aspects of preoperative assessment, intraoperative management, and postoperative care for older adults.

Main Methods:

Preoperative assessment: Identifying cognitive impairment, cardio-pulmonary reserve, frailty, nutritional status, polypharmacy, and anticoagulation.
Intraoperative management: Selecting appropriate anesthesia, monitoring, fluid/transfusion strategies, lung-protective ventilation, and temperature control.
Postoperative care: Focusing on analgesia, delirium prevention, and cognitive dysfunction management.

Main Results:

Thorough preoperative assessment is crucial for identifying and mitigating risks in elderly surgical patients.
Careful intraoperative management, including anesthetic choices and physiological support, is vital for patient safety.
Effective postoperative strategies are necessary to manage pain, prevent delirium, and support cognitive function.

Conclusions:

Optimizing perioperative care for elderly patients requires a multidisciplinary approach addressing their specific needs.
Implementing comprehensive strategies across all surgical phases can enhance functional ability and well-being in older age.
Addressing frailty, cognitive status, and polypharmacy are critical components of successful geriatric surgical care.