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Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
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Bacterial Type II Secretion System and Its Mitochondrial Counterpart.

Anna Shaliutina-Loginova1,2, Olivera Francetic3, Pavel Doležal1

  • 1Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.

Mbio
|March 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems like the type II secretion system (T2SS) to export proteins. Recent studies reveal T2SS components in eukaryotic mitochondria, forming a novel mitochondrial T2SS-derived system (miT2SS).

Keywords:
T2SSevolutionmitochondriamitochondrial evolutionprotein secretionprotein transporttype II secretion system

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Bacteria evolved complex protein secretion systems, including the type II secretion system (T2SS), for exporting various proteins.
  • The T2SS is crucial for Gram-negative bacteria, enabling the transport of folded proteins from the periplasm to the extracellular environment.
  • Recent discoveries indicate T2SS components are present within mitochondria of certain eukaryotic species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the mitochondrial T2SS-derived system (miT2SS).
  • To discuss the functional roles and evolutionary origins of miT2SSs in eukaryotes.
  • To highlight unresolved questions in the field of miT2SS research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on T2SS components in mitochondria.
  • Analysis of experimental data suggesting T2SS-like activity within eukaryotic mitochondria.
  • Comparative genomics and evolutionary analysis of T2SS and miT2SS components.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the localization and function of T2SS components within eukaryotic mitochondria, forming a miT2SS.
  • The miT2SS appears to mediate specific protein transport functions within the mitochondrial environment.
  • The presence of miT2SS suggests a unique evolutionary event, possibly involving horizontal gene transfer.

Conclusions:

  • The miT2SS represents a novel nanomachine with potential roles in mitochondrial biology.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise functions and evolutionary trajectory of miT2SSs.
  • Understanding miT2SSs offers insights into the dynamic interplay between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular systems.