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Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
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Better Late Than Never.

Arooj Khan1, Eric Heller1, Grace Alexander1

  • 1University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

JACC. Case Reports
|March 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Iatrogenic symptomatic bradycardia, often caused by medical treatments, can mimic intrinsic heart conduction abnormalities. This case highlights the importance of distinguishing between these causes for proper patient management.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Symptomatic bradycardia presents a diagnostic challenge, stemming from either iatrogenic causes or intrinsic conduction system abnormalities.
  • Distinguishing the etiology is critical for effective therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of iatrogenic symptomatic bradycardia that closely resembles a primary conduction system abnormality.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic considerations in differentiating iatrogenic from intrinsic bradycardia.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing a patient with symptomatic bradycardia.
  • Review of clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment course.
  • Differential diagnosis discussion focusing on iatrogenic versus conduction system disease.
Keywords:
bradycardiasinus node dysfunctionventricular escape

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Main Results:

  • The patient exhibited symptoms consistent with bradycardia.
  • Diagnostic evaluation revealed an iatrogenic origin, initially mimicking a conduction system abnormality.
  • Appropriate management was initiated upon correct etiological identification.

Conclusions:

  • Iatrogenic factors can precipitate symptomatic bradycardia that may be misdiagnosed as a primary conduction disorder.
  • Clinical vigilance and a thorough diagnostic approach are essential to identify iatrogenic causes of bradycardia.