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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

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Split Brachioradialis Tendon Causing Wartenberg Syndrome in a Professional Baseball Pitcher.

Devin C Potter¹, Derrick E Wendler¹, Eric R Hrycko²

¹WellStar Atlanta Medical Center, Atlanta, GA.

Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online

|March 28, 2023

Summary

Wartenberg syndrome, a nerve compression, can stem from anatomical variations. This case highlights a professional athlete with a split brachioradialis tendon causing this rare condition.

Keywords:

Baseball Radial nerve Radial neuropathy Sports medicine Tendon injuries

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Hand Surgery

Background:

Wartenberg syndrome involves compression of the superficial radial nerve.
Etiologies include external compression and anatomical variations like split tendons.
Diagnosis and management are crucial for athletes experiencing hand and wrist pain.

Observation:

A professional baseball player presented with symptoms consistent with Wartenberg syndrome.
Surgical exploration revealed an anomalous split brachioradialis tendon entrapping the superficial radial nerve.
This anatomical variation was identified as the cause of the nerve compression.

Findings:

The case confirms a split brachioradialis tendon as a rare cause of Wartenberg syndrome.
The condition manifested in a high-level athlete, underscoring the impact of repetitive stress.
Surgical intervention successfully addressed the nerve entrapment.

Implications:

This report expands the understanding of Wartenberg syndrome's diverse etiologies.
It emphasizes the importance of considering anatomical variations in diagnosing nerve entrapment in athletes.
The findings contribute valuable knowledge to the field of hand surgery and sports-related injuries.