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Related Concept Videos

Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Glial Cells01:04

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Action Potential01:31

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
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Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures
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Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

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The Initial Myelination in the Central Nervous System.

Qiang Yu1, Teng Guan1, Ying Guo1,2

  • 1Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, 8664University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

ASN Neuro
|March 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central nervous system myelination involves oligodendrocyte precursor cell development and differentiation. This review details the complex molecular regulation of CNS myelination initiation and repair.

Keywords:
central nervous systemdevelopmentmicrogliamyelin sheatholigodendrocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Myelination is crucial for nerve conduction, axonal insulation, and protection in the CNS.
  • Oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate to form myelin sheaths around axons.
  • The process is regulated by numerous molecular factors and signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of CNS myelination initiation.
  • To explore the regulatory mechanisms underlying myelination development and repair.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on CNS myelination.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination.

Main Results:

  • Myelination involves a multistep process regulated by transcription factors, growth factors, chemokines, hormones, axonal signals, and intracellular pathways.
  • Key regulators include Olig/Sox families, PDGF, BDNF, TGF-β, T3, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
  • Fundamental mechanisms for initial myelination are not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CNS myelination initiation is essential for future studies on development and repair.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate pivotal mechanisms governing myelination onset and recovery.