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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches
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APOE and immunity: Research highlights.

Courtney M Kloske1, Christopher J Barnum2, Andre F Batista3,4

  • 1Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|March 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Experts explored how the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and immunity influence neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Research highlights the interplay of APOE, microglia, TREM2, and inflammation in disease and drug development.

Keywords:
APOEAlzheimer's diseaseTREM2amyloid betaastrocytesbiomarkersdementiainflammationmicroglianeurodegenerationneuroglianeuroinflammationtau

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are complex conditions with multifactorial origins.
  • The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD.
  • The immune system, particularly innate immunity, plays a critical role in brain health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent research advances on the roles of APOE and immunity in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To highlight the cross-talk between APOE and immune pathways in the context of Alzheimer's disease.
  • To emphasize the importance of diversity in research and explore new drug development directions.

Main Methods:

  • The content is based on presentations and discussions from the Alzheimer's Association's APOE and Immunity virtual conference (October 2021).
  • The conference brought together over 1200 experts from academia and industry.
  • Key areas of focus included the roles of microglia, TREM2, and inflammatory components like TNFα.

Main Results:

  • Presentations illuminated the intricate cross-talk between APOE and immune system components.
  • Specific focus was placed on the function of microglia and the TREM2 receptor in neuroinflammation.
  • The role of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), was discussed in relation to disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated understanding of innate immune functions in Alzheimer's disease is crucial.
  • APOE and immune system interactions are central to neurodegenerative disease processes.
  • Future research should prioritize diversity and explore novel therapeutic strategies targeting APOE and immunity.