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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Related Experiment Video

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Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate
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The stunning clodronate.

Elvira Mass1

  • 1Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|March 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Clodronate liposomes

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Clodronate liposomes are commonly used to deplete macrophages.
  • Neutrophils are also recognized as potential targets of clodronate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of clodronate liposomes.
  • To determine whether macrophage depletion or neutrophil modulation is the primary driver of these effects.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo studies using clodronate liposomes in an inflammatory model.
  • Flow cytometry and cellular assays to analyze immune cell populations and functions.
  • Assessment of inflammatory markers and tissue damage.

Main Results:

  • Clodronate liposomes significantly impacted polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

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  • The anti-inflammatory effects were correlated with neutrophil "stunning" rather than complete depletion.
  • Macrophage populations showed less significant changes in response to clodronate treatment.

    • Conclusions:

    • The anti-inflammatory properties of clodronate liposomes are primarily mediated by the functional impairment of neutrophils.
    • This finding challenges the long-held view that macrophage depletion is the sole mechanism of action.
    • Highlights the importance of considering neutrophil responses in clodronate-based therapies.