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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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HiCAT: a tool for automatic annotation of centromere structure.

Shenghan Gao1,2, Xiaofei Yang3,4,5, Hongtao Guo6

  • 1School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.

Genome Biology
|March 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

HiCAT is a new tool for automatic centromere annotation, simplifying the analysis of complex genomic regions. This method uses hierarchical tandem repeat mining for improved accuracy and detailed insights into centromere architecture.

Keywords:
Centromere annotationGapless genomesHiCATLong-read sequencing technologies

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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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Last Updated: Aug 5, 2025

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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Long-read sequencing technologies have enabled exploration of complex genomic regions like centromeres.
  • Current centromere annotation is largely a semi-manual process, limiting efficiency and scalability.
  • Understanding centromere architecture is crucial for comprehensive genome analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a generalizable automatic tool for centromere annotation.
  • To facilitate the decoding of complex centromere architecture.
  • To overcome limitations of semi-manual annotation methods.

Main Methods:

  • Developed HiCAT (Hierarchical Centromere Annotation Tool), an automated approach.
  • Utilized hierarchical tandem repeat mining for centromere identification.
  • Applied HiCAT to simulated datasets and real genomic data (human CHM13-T2T, Arabidopsis thaliana).

Main Results:

  • HiCAT demonstrated high performance on diverse datasets.
  • Achieved improved annotation continuity compared to existing methods.
  • Revealed additional fine structures within centromeric regions.
  • Results were consistent with previous findings, validating the approach.

Conclusions:

  • HiCAT provides an effective and generalizable solution for automatic centromere annotation.
  • The tool aids in decoding the intricate architecture of centromeres.
  • HiCAT advances the analysis of complex genomic regions, enhancing genome annotation accuracy.