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The Latest Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 on Non-Lung Organs

Hamid Askari1, Fatemeh Rabiei1, Fatemeh Lohrasbi1

  • 1Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran.

Brain Sciences
|March 29, 2023
PubMed

Insights

This review explores how SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) affects multiple organs beyond the lungs. It examines direct infection versus indirect effects to understand the full impact of this novel coronavirus.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, primarily known for respiratory distress.
  • The virus impacts multiple organ systems, but the mechanisms of extra-respiratory organ damage are unclear.
  • Distinguishing direct viral infection from indirect effects is crucial for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects various organs and systems.
  • To understand the pathological changes in extra-respiratory organs.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and viral mechanisms.
  • Examination of organ-specific and system-wide effects.

Main Results:

  • Detailed characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are presented.
  • Mechanisms of viral impact on the brain, eyes, olfactory nerve, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems are discussed.
  • Potential pathways for extra-respiratory organ damage are explored.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 has a multi-organ impact extending beyond the respiratory system.
  • Understanding these pathways is key to developing targeted therapies for COVID-19.
  • Further research is needed to differentiate direct viral effects from indirect consequences.
Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2cellular mechanismsmolecular mechanismsorgan damage

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