An Automated Method for Classifying Liver Lesions in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging Based on Deep Learning
Mădălin Mămuleanu1,2, Cristiana Marinela Urhuț3, Larisa Daniela Săndulescu4
1Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania.
Background:
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an important imaging modality in the diagnosis of liver tumors. By using contrast agent, a more detailed image is obtained. Time-intensity curves (TIC) can be extracted using a specialized software, and then the signal can be analyzed for further investigations.
Methods:
The purpose of the study was to build an automated method for extracting TICs and classifying liver lesions in CEUS liver investigations. The cohort contained 50 anonymized video investigations from 49 patients. Besides the CEUS investigations, clinical data from the patients were provided. A method comprising three modules was proposed. The first module, a lesion segmentation deep learning (DL) model, handled the prediction of masks frame-by-frame (region of interest). The second module performed dilation on the mask, and after applying colormap to the image, it extracted the TIC and the parameters from the TIC (area under the curve, time to peak, mean transit time, and maximum intensity). The third module, a feed-forward neural network, predicted the final diagnosis. It was trained on the TIC parameters extracted by the second model, together with other data: gender, age, hepatitis history, and cirrhosis history.
Results:
For the feed-forward classifier, five classes were chosen: hepatocarcinoma, metastasis, other malignant lesions, hemangioma, and other benign lesions. Being a multiclass classifier, appropriate performance metrics were observed: categorical accuracy, F1 micro, F1 macro, and Matthews correlation coefficient. The results showed that due to class imbalance, in some cases, the classifier was not able to predict with high accuracy a specific lesion from the minority classes. However, on the majority classes, the classifier can predict the lesion type with high accuracy.
Conclusions:
The main goal of the study was to develop an automated method of classifying liver lesions in CEUS video investigations. Being modular, the system can be a useful tool for gastroenterologists or medical students: either as a second opinion system or a tool to automatically extract TICs.
