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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.

Hortense de Saint Basile1, Zineb Maaradji1, Elizabeth Fabre1,2

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a significant advancement in cancer therapy, offering new hope for patients with various malignancies. Ongoing research aims to expand their efficacy and applicability across diverse cancer types.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment by harnessing the immune system to fight malignancies.
  • These therapies target specific proteins that regulate immune responses, preventing cancer cells from evading immune detection.

Discussion:

  • The efficacy of ICIs varies significantly across different cancer types and patient populations.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and identifying predictive biomarkers are crucial for optimizing ICI therapy.

Key Insights:

  • ICIs have demonstrated remarkable success in treating historically difficult-to-treat cancers such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
  • Combinatorial approaches involving ICIs and other therapeutic modalities are being explored to enhance treatment outcomes.

Outlook:

  • Future research will focus on developing novel ICI targets and combination strategies to overcome treatment resistance.
  • Expanding the application of ICIs to earlier stages of cancer and a broader range of malignancies remains a key objective.