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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
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Microvascular and Endothelial Dysfunction in Prediabetes.

Stamatina Lamprou1, Nikolaos Koletsos1, Gesthimani Mintziori2

  • 1Third Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Prediabetes signals a high risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Early detection of endothelial and microvascular dysfunction in prediabetes is crucial for assessing future cardiovascular risk.

Keywords:
cardiovascular diseaseendothelial dysfunctionmicroalbuminuriaprediabetesretinopathyskin microcirculation

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic health and cardiovascular disease research.

Background:

  • Prediabetes is a precursor to diabetes mellitus (DM), significantly increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk.
  • Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction are key early indicators in CVD development and progression.
  • Non-invasive monitoring of microvascular function is possible in various peripheral tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on subclinical microvascular and endothelial dysfunction in prediabetes.
  • To evaluate the impact of these dysfunctions on cardiovascular risk in prediabetic individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating microvascular and endothelial function in prediabetes.
  • Analysis of non-invasive assessment methods for microvascular beds (retina, kidney, skin, skeletal muscle).

Main Results:

  • While extensively studied in diabetes mellitus, microvascular alterations in prediabetes are less understood.
  • Emerging evidence suggests subclinical microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are present in prediabetes.
  • These dysfunctions are increasingly recognized as early markers for future CVD.

Conclusions:

  • Subclinical microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are likely present in prediabetes.
  • These findings highlight prediabetes as a critical window for intervention to mitigate cardiovascular risk.