Micro- and Macronutrient Intake in Elderly Costa Ricans: The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES)

Costa Rica, a middle-income country in Central America, has a life expectancy similar or even higher than richer countries. This survival advantage is more evident among the elderly, who have one of the lowest mortality rates in the world. Dietary factors may play a role in this extended longevity. We have shown that a traditional rural diet is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length-a biomarker of aging-among elderly Costa Ricans. In the present study, we used data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES) to characterize further rural and urban diets of the elderly (60+ years). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess usual diet. We used energy-adjusted regression models to compare the intake of micro- and macronutrients between rural and urban regions of the country. Elderly rural residents had a higher consumption of carbohydrates (but lower glycemic index), fiber, dietary iron, and used more palm oil for cooking than elderly urban dwellers. On the other hand, elderly subjects living in urban areas had a higher intake of total fat, mono and polyunsaturated fat, alcohol and dietary calcium compared to elderly rural residents. Our results are similar to earlier reports of middle-aged Costa Ricans and add to the characterization of diet differences in rural and urban regions of the country.