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Summary

Pre-harvest glyphosate application contaminates grains and seeds with residues, even at label rates. However, residues remain below maximum levels and are absent when applied pre-emergence.

Keywords:
glyphosate degradationglyphosate residuesgrain storagemetabolite AMPA (aminomethosphonic acid)pre-harvest application

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide with debated environmental and health impacts.
  • Understanding glyphosate's fate in crops is crucial for food safety and agricultural practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different glyphosate application timings and rates on grain and seed contamination.
  • To determine glyphosate residue levels and distribution in harvested crops and their byproducts.

Main Methods:

  • Field experiments were conducted in Lithuania (2015-2021) using winter wheat, spring barley, spring wheat, and spring oilseed rape.
  • Glyphosate was applied pre-emergence and pre-harvest at label and double label rates.
  • Residue analysis in grain/seeds, storage stability, and distribution in processed products (bran, meal, oil, flour) were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Pre-emergence glyphosate application did not result in detectable residues in spring wheat grain or oilseed rape seeds.
  • Pre-harvest application, regardless of timing or dose, led to detectable glyphosate and aminomethosphonic acid residues in grain/seeds.
  • Residue levels remained below the EU maximum residue levels (Regulation (EC) No. 293/2013).
  • Glyphosate residues persisted in grain/seeds for over a year.
  • Post-harvest, residues concentrated in wheat bran and oilseed rape meal, with none found in cold-pressed oil or white flour.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-emergence application of glyphosate is a safer strategy to avoid crop contamination.
  • While pre-harvest application leads to residues, they are within regulatory limits.
  • Glyphosate's distribution in processed products indicates potential for targeted removal or concentration in specific fractions.