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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

486
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
486
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

256
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
256
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

546
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
546
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

509
Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
509
pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

12.9K
Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
12.9K
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

294
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
294

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand
08:01

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

Published on: September 8, 2016

8.5K

Sulfate and acid-base balance.

Troels Ring1, Sebastian Frische1, Stephen Edward Rees2

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Universitetsparken Bygn, Århus C, Denmark.

Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
|March 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sulfate excretion in urine is acid excretion, challenging traditional views on endogenous acid production. Sulfur metabolism and excretion demonstrate a balance, impacting the body's acid-base homeostasis.

Keywords:
Acid-base equilibriumHEPESbiologicalbufferschemistrycomputer simulationselectrochemistryionsmodelsphysicalsulfateswater-electrolyte balance

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Compounds containing sulfur (S) are recognized as a significant source of endogenous acid production.
  • Sulfate excretion in urine is conventionally counted as retained acid, influencing the body's acid-base balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct impact of sulfate ions on fluid pH and titratable acidity.
  • To re-evaluate the role of sulfur metabolism in endogenous acid production using fundamental chemical principles.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental titration of fluids with constant sodium and HEPES concentrations.
  • Application of charge-balance modeling based on electroneutrality, conservation of mass, and dissociation rules.

Main Results:

  • Fluid pH decreases and titratable acidity increases proportionally with added sulfate ions.
  • Sulfate excretion was demonstrated to be acid excretion per se, independent of conventional acids.
  • Charge-balance modeling successfully explained the observed pH changes, contrasting with conventional physiological narratives.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfate excretion is a direct form of acid excretion, necessitating a revision of the concept of endogenous acid production.
  • Sulfur balance, involving oxidation and excretion, appears to be a self-regulating process in terms of acid-base impact.
  • Findings align with renal tubular acidosis observations and suggest potential clinical implications for sulfur metabolism and acid-base disorders.