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Related Concept Videos

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

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The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
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Hospitals-II00:59

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Hospitals provide inpatient and outpatient services. Inpatient services provide care to patients that stay in the hospital for an extended period, ranging from days to months. Examples of inpatient services include intensive care units, hospital wards, or surgeries. Outpatient services provide care to patients who come to a hospital for a diagnostic or treatment but do not stay overnight —for example, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, or health education.
Nurses that work in...
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Drug Distribution: Overview01:11

Drug Distribution: Overview

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Drug distribution within the body is a dynamic process involving the movement of a drug in two directions across various compartments: from the bloodstream into tissues (tissue uptake) and from tissues back into the bloodstream (tissue release or redistribution). This process is passive and primarily driven by two variables: the concentration gradient between the bloodstream and the extravascular tissues and the drug's ability to cross the cell membrane.
Initially, the free drug in the...
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Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding01:21

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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
For...
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Hospitals-I01:28

Hospitals-I

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Hospitals offer medical and surgical care to the sick and injured, along with accommodation while they recover. At the same time, they also provide outpatient, emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation services to meet various community needs. In addition to providing medical care, hospitals also act as hubs for medical research and training. Hospitals use clinical procedures and evidence-based practice standards to deliver patient care. To deliver safe and efficient care, a nurse must stay up...
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Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System01:29

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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
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Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

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Big Med's Spread.

Lawton Robert Burns1, Mark V Pauly1

  • 1The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.

The Milbank Quarterly
|March 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Hospital mergers across different markets often lack evidence of public benefit. These cross-market mergers may prioritize executive compensation over genuine efficiencies or community advantages.

Area of Science:

  • Health Policy
  • Health Economics
  • Antitrust Law

Background:

  • Cross-market hospital mergers are increasing, prompting scrutiny regarding their impact on competition and prices.
  • Economists and policymakers are concerned about the potential anticompetitive effects and pricing power of these expanding hospital systems.
  • Existing research questions the public benefits of hospital system mergers, with a focus on academic evidence versus executive claims.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the purported benefits of cross-market hospital mergers, including efficiencies, synergies, and addressing health inequities.
  • To critically assess the stated advantages of these mergers against empirical evidence of their outcomes.
  • To investigate potential alternative motives behind cross-market mergers, such as executive compensation.
Keywords:
boardscross-marketexecutiveshospitalsmergerssynergiessystems

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Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recently announced cross-market hospital mergers.
  • Examination of benefits as articulated by hospital system executives and industry consultants.
  • Evaluation of claimed benefits against existing data on hospital system performance and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that the claimed benefits of cross-market hospital mergers, such as increased efficiencies and community advantages, are often unsubstantiated.
  • Research indicates that these mergers may not benefit the hospitals or communities they serve.
  • Findings suggest that self-serving motives, particularly increased executive compensation for CEOs, may drive these mergers more than operational improvements.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-market hospital mergers may not deliver tangible benefits to healthcare providers or the populations they serve.
  • Hospital system boards must enhance oversight of chief executive officers' decisions regarding mergers.
  • Antitrust authorities and policymakers should critically evaluate the rationales for cross-market mergers, as stated benefits may be secondary to other objectives.