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Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Midrange01:07

Midrange

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A somewhat easy to compute quantitative estimate of a data set’s central tendency is its midrange, which is defined as the mean of the minimum and maximum values of an ordered data set.
Simply put, the midrange is half of the data set’s range. Similar to the mean, the midrange is sensitive to the extreme values and hence the prospective outliers. However, unlike the mean, the midrange is not sensitive to all the values of the data set that lie in the middle. Thus, it is prone to...
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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
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Hybrid IoT Cyber Range.

Karl Edvard Balto1, Muhammad Mudassar Yamin1, Andrii Shalaginov2

  • 1Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increasing awareness of Internet of Things (IoT) security is crucial. A proposed hybrid IoT cyber range, combining digital emulation and real hardware, aims to enhance security training and knowledge for developers and users.

Keywords:
IoTcyber rangesecurity

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Cybersecurity
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices necessitates robust security measures.
  • Cost reduction pressures in IoT development often lead to compromised security, increasing vulnerability.
  • IoT devices are increasingly entrusted with critical tasks, making their security paramount.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the growing need for enhanced Internet of Things (IoT) security education and awareness.
  • To propose a novel training solution for IoT security professionals and users.
  • To investigate the feasibility and design of a specialized IoT cyber range.

Main Methods:

  • Surveying the specific requirements for an effective IoT security training environment.
  • Designing a hybrid cyber range architecture that integrates digital emulation with physical hardware.
  • Implementing a prototype of the hybrid IoT cyber range to validate the design.

Main Results:

  • Identified key requirements for a functional hybrid IoT cyber range.
  • Developed a design that accommodates the diversity of IoT devices through a combination of emulation and real hardware.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of creating a comprehensive IoT security training platform.

Conclusions:

  • A hybrid cyber range is essential to effectively train users on the diverse landscape of IoT security.
  • The proposed design offers a scalable and adaptable solution for IoT security challenges.
  • Increased knowledge and awareness through such training can lead to significant improvements in IoT device security.