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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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A somewhat easy to compute quantitative estimate of a data set’s central tendency is its midrange, which is defined as the mean of the minimum and maximum values of an ordered data set.
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Semiconductors01:22

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
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IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS)
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OpenVNT: An Open Platform for VIS-NIR Technology.

Roman-David Kulko1, Alexander Pletl1, Heike Mempel2

  • 1Technologie Campus Grafenau, Technische Hochschule Deggendorf, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed OpenVNT, an affordable open-platform spectrometer for in-field spectral analysis. This visible and near-infrared technology matches commercial performance for applications like food inspection and scientific research.

Keywords:
chemometricsfruit qualityinstrumentationnondestructive evaluationopen sourcespectrometervisible and near infrared spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Spectrometers analyze material composition via diffuse reflectance, creating molecular fingerprints.
  • Existing portable spectrometers are often proprietary, limiting their use in industrial IoT and research.
  • There is a need for open, field-deployable spectral analysis tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce OpenVNT, an open-source platform for visible and near-infrared (400-1700 nm) spectral measurements.
  • To enable field-based spectral data acquisition, transmission, and analysis.
  • To provide a cost-effective alternative to proprietary spectral instruments.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a battery-powered, wireless OpenVNT instrument with two spectrometers.
  • Conducted a comparative study using white grapes, measuring Brix values.
  • Validated OpenVNT performance against a commercial Felix Instruments F750 using a refractometer as ground truth.

Main Results:

  • OpenVNT achieved a coefficient of determination (R2CV) of 0.94 for Brix estimation.
  • This performance is comparable to the commercial F750 instrument (R2CV = 0.97).
  • OpenVNT offers comparable performance at approximately one-tenth the cost of commercial devices.

Conclusions:

  • OpenVNT provides a viable, high-performance open-platform solution for visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.
  • The platform supports research and industrial IoT applications by overcoming proprietary limitations.
  • Open-source hardware, firmware, and software facilitate widespread adoption and innovation.