Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

1.0K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
1.0K
Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

13.0K
Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
13.0K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

577
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
577
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

21.2K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
21.2K
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

390
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
390
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

7.9K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
7.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intramolecular Interactions between Folded and Disordered Regions Shape Ubiquilin Structure and Function.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Conformational landscapes resolved by ion mobility mass spectrometry reveal mechanisms of polyubiquitin-controlled phase separation.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Phosphorylation tunes strain-specific protein condensation during rotavirus replication organelle assembly.

The EMBO journal·2026
Same author

STI1 domains coordinate partitioning of UBQLN2 into stress-induced condensates.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Optically driven control of mechanochemistry and fusion dynamics of biomolecular condensates via thymine dimerization.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

A Surfactant Cocktail Overcomes Air-Water Interface Artifacts in Single-Particle CryoEM.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps
09:30

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.5K

Decoding optimal ligand design for multicomponent condensates.

Sarasi K K Galagedera1, Thuy P Dao1, Suzanne E Enos1

  • 1Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|March 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biomolecular condensates

Keywords:
Multicomponent liquid-liquid phase separationemergent propertiesligand designligand-induced phase transitionpolyubiquitin

More Related Videos

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

1.3K
Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps
09:30

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.5K
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

1.3K
Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and biophysics of biomolecular condensates.
  • Cell biology and molecular mechanisms of phase separation.
  • Ubiquitin signaling and regulation of cellular processes.

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates are crucial cellular structures regulated by macromolecular interactions and modifications like ubiquitination.
  • Ubiquitination, the addition of ubiquitin (Ub), involves polyubiquitin chains interacting with partner proteins to control condensate dynamics.
  • Understanding how ubiquitin chains regulate condensate assembly and disassembly is key to deciphering cellular organization.

Approach:

  • Utilized designed polyubiquitin hubs and UBQLN2 as a model system to investigate ligand-mediated phase transitions.
  • Developed an analytical model to quantify the impact of polyubiquitin hubs on UBQLN2 phase diagrams.
  • Perturbed ubiquitin binding surfaces and spacing to assess effects on condensate behavior.

Key Points:

  • Introduction of ubiquitin into UBQLN2 condensates results in a significant energetic penalty, hindering scaffold formation.
  • Optimal spacing between ubiquitin units is critical for polyubiquitin hubs to effectively modulate UBQLN2 phase behavior.
  • The ubiquitin code, specifically the spacing and architecture of ubiquitin chains, dictates the ability to promote phase separation.

Conclusions:

  • The spacing of ubiquitin units within polyubiquitin chains encodes regulatory information that governs condensate formation and function.
  • Ligand properties such as concentration, valency, affinity, and spacing are critical factors in condensate behavior.
  • Findings provide insights into the design and study of biomolecular condensates and ubiquitin-mediated regulation.