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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
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Fgf8 regulates first pharyngeal arch segmentation through pouch-cleft interactions.

Nathaniel Zbasnik, Jennifer L Fish

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    Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) is crucial for the development of the first pharyngeal arch, specifically impacting the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft. Reduced Fgf8 disrupts pharyngeal arch segmentation and morphogenesis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental biology
    • Molecular biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Pharyngeal arches form head and neck tissues in vertebrates.
    • Segmentation of pharyngeal arches is vital for specifying distinct derivatives.
    • Mechanisms of pharyngeal pouch out-pocketing vary across species.

    Approach:

    • Focus on patterning and morphogenesis of epithelia in the first pharyngeal arch, first pharyngeal pouch (pp1), and first pharyngeal cleft (pc1).
    • Investigate the role of Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) dosage in these developmental processes.
    • Analyze the impact of reduced Fgf8 levels on pp1 and pc1 development and segmentation.

    Key Points:

    • Severe Fgf8 reduction disrupts pp1 and pc1 development.
    • pp1 out-pocketing is robust to Fgf8 reduction, but proximal-distal extension fails at low Fgf8 levels.
    • pp1 extension requires physical interaction with pc1; pc1 morphogenesis requires Fgf8 for regional identity, cell polarity, and elongation.

    Conclusions:

    • Fgf8 is essential for specifying regional identity and morphogenesis of pp1 and pc1.
    • Lateral surface ectoderm plays a critical, under-appreciated role in first pharyngeal arch segmentation.
    • Fgf8 dosage is a key regulator of pharyngeal arch segmentation and tissue development.