Physiological responses of wild grass Holcus lanatus L. to potentially toxic elements in soils: a review

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils accumulate in plants, obstruct their growth, and pose hazards to the consumer via the food chain. Many kinds of grass, grass-like plants, and other higher plant species have evolved a tolerance to PTEs. Holcus lanatus L., a wild grass, is also tolerant (an excluder) of PTEs, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). However, the extent of tolerance varies among ecotypes and genotypes. The PTE tolerance mechanism of H. lanatus curtails the typical uptake process and causes a reduced translocation of PTEs from the roots to the shoots, while such a characteristic is useful for contaminated land management. The ecology and response patterns of Holcus lanatus L. to PTEs, along with the associated mechanisms, are reviewed in the current work.