Oxic effects of Pb-Ce compound pollution on Chinese cabbage and programmed cell death in root tip cells

Heavy metal pollution is increasing, and rare earth elements (REE) play an important role in the environmental impact of heavy metals. Mixed heavy metal pollution is a major issue with complex effects. Despite substantial research on single heavy metal pollution, relatively few studies have focused on pollution from rare earth heavy metal composites. We studied the effects of different concentrations of Ce-Pb on the antioxidant activity in root tip cells and biomass of Chinese cabbage. We also used the integrated biomarker response (IBR) to evaluate the toxic effects of rare earth-heavy metal pollution on Chinese cabbage. We used programmed cell death (PCD) for the first time to reflect the toxicological effects of heavy metals and rare earths and studied the interaction between Ce and Pb in root tip cells in depth. Our results showed that Ce-Pb compound pollution can induce PCD in the root cells of Chinese cabbage, and the toxicity of compound pollutants is greater than that of single pollutants. Our analyses also provide the first evidence that Ce and Pb exert interaction effects in the cell. Ce induces Pb transfer in plant cells. The Pb content in the cell wall decreases from 58% to 45%. Additionally, Pb induced Ce valence changes. Ce (III) decreased from 50% to 43%, while Ce (IV) increased from 50% to 57%, directly resulting in PCD in the roots of Chinese cabbage. These findings improve our understanding of the harmful effects of compound pollution with rare earth metals and heavy metals on plants.