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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

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Disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis: Implications for gut microbiota.

Silvy Pilotto1, Magdalena Zoledziewska2, Giuseppe Fenu3

  • 1Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL Cagliari, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Binaghi Hospital, University of Cagliari, via Is Guadazzonis 2, Cagliari 09126, Italy.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|March 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) impact the gut microbiome. While studies show microbial changes, the direct association and consistency require further investigation for prognostic implications.

Keywords:
Disease-modifying treatmentsGut microbiotaMultiple sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gut microbiota plays a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology.
  • Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS influence the gut microenvironment and immune system.
  • Understanding the impact of DMTs on the gut microbiome is crucial for MS management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the current literature on the effects of DMTs on the gut microbiome in MS patients.
  • To explore the implications of these changes for MS pathophysiology and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords related to MS, gut microbiome, and DMTs.
  • Original research articles in English were included in this narrative review.
  • Studies focused on first-line DMTs (dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, interferon β 1b) and other treatments (natalizumab, fingolimod, anti-CD20).

Main Results:

  • Ten eligible studies were identified, comprising seven case-control and three cohort studies.
  • Changes in the gut microbiome were observed in patients exposed to DMTs.
  • The association between DMT exposure and microbial alterations was often indirect.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging evidence suggests DMTs alter the gut microbiome in MS patients.
  • Current findings on the specific microbial changes and their direct association with DMTs are inconsistent.
  • Future research needs to mitigate methodological bias to identify a "microbial signature" for MS and DMT roles.